Psychology Transitions And Challenges In Adulthood Free Essay Example, 1000 words

By being accorded the privileges to participate in the democratic process by voting and vying for elective seats such as college representatives and community/church leaders, young adults assume the role of being the key force that steers the community. In their transition from adolescent to adulthood, adolescents undergo a number of developmental stages crucial to life. The adolescent is characterized by raging hormones and often misunderstood as confused. In the development to adulthood, however, it is expected that this hormonal imbalance subsides and paves way for emotional maturity. This is the key distinctive developmental process between the two phases of human development. An adolescent/teenager definitely faces the most challenging stage of life. Some of the prominent processes excluding emotional maturity include; assuming responsibilities, cognitive neural development, and identity development, building romantic relationships and strengthening of family ties. Generally, a ll these stages in the adult transformation to adulthood are inevitable for the average teenager. However, how each takes the responsibilities beforehand distinguishes their after-life in the adulthood circle. First, the assumption of responsibilities is crucial especially since these teenagers are preparing to become leaders in society (Maslach, C.We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Transitions And Challenges In Adulthood or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page By developing skills such as listening, understanding, sympathizing, social intelligence and critical thinking, one is able to assume adulthood much easier. An identity is one feature that defines the adult Cooney, T., Ann, J., Whitbourne S, B. During this transition period of young adulthood, the young adult has to develop an identity characterized by the peer influence the person yields to, the kind of spiritual development they undergo and the personal life experience especially relating to the past. An identity will ultimately determine the kind of career paths the young adult will most likely take and the feasibility of them sustaining a particular kind of life.

Rhetorical Analysis on the Article, Becoming Members of...

Rhetorical Analysis (Paper 2) In the article, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† the author, Aaron Devor, is trying to convince his audience that gender shapes how we behave and relate to one another. He does this by using an educational approach, describing gender stereotypes, and making cultural references. These rhetorical devices serve his larger goal of getting readers to reflect on how their childhoods formed their genders. â€Å"Maleness and femaleness seem â€Å"natural,† not the product of socialization.† (Devor 527) Throughout his article, he makes us wonder whether or not gender is recognized through socializing. To begin the piece, Devor takes an educational approach by giving us some background on†¦show more content†¦Plain and simple. Anyone who is gay or lesbian, is looked at differently and as Devor states, â€Å"People are believed to be unable to change genders without sex change surgery, and tho se who do change sex are considered to be both disturbed and exceedingly rare.† (Devor 528) As a believer of god, I believe that we were put on this Earth for a reason, just the way we are. So why would anyone want to change their gender? The author made me really think about this topic by using assurance as a technique to persuade the reader that there are reasons behind what he is saying. This is a very effective way to get a reader to get a reader to believe what you have to say. His statement, â€Å"Researchers test the establishment, depth, and tenacity of gender identity through the use of language and the concepts mediated by language† (Devor 528) is one example of how he used assurance to his claim. By saying â€Å"Researchers tested the establishment, depth, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he gets us to think that certified or reliable people carried out the tests and are giving us reliable information. However, in some countries, changing genders isn’t so frowned u pon. â€Å"Many aboriginal cultures have more than two gender categories and accept the idea that, under certain circumstances, gender may be changed without changes being made to biological sex.† (Devor 528) I was slightly thrown off when Mr. DevorShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement on Economics1655 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Statement Prompt #1: Economics I have learned a great deal from my father, he is a man who sacrificed much, worked hard, and rose to become a high ranking officer in a major Indonesian company and a member of the faculty at the University of Indonesia. His education and dedication enabled him to become successful enough to send his son to America to receive his education. My fathers work at the university has been a major inspiration to me and if admitted to the University of CaliforniaRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Weight And Disordered Eating1203 Words   |  5 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE TEMPLATE Your Name: Lauire Pelosi COMS 101 Section –D06 -LUO Date Due: August 14, 2005 ` Organization: Problem Solution Audience analysis: My audience consists of college students both male and female, some are parents as well as students and the audience includes a Professor. All have different demographic backgrounds and cultures vary. Topic: The culture in America sends a very powerful message to women. 1â€Å"A woman s sense of self-esteem is dependent upon her perceivedRead MoreDiscourse Analysis on Winston Churchill and Tony Blair2833 Words   |  12 PagesSection 1 1.1 In this essay, I will be conducting a discourse analysis on a speech made by Winston Churchill in the 1940s, when he informed the British public that they will be entering war. 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Quote with page number Rhetorical Device/ Fallacy Effect ** This is the MOST IMPORTANT part, so make this really insightful** â€Å"Bernard’s physique was hardly better than that of the average Gamma†. pgRead MoreLes Miserables : A French Masterpiece3985 Words   |  16 Pagessuggested an increase of taxes for the nobility who posses much of the country’s wealth, but pay close to nothing. This lead to the lockout of the members of the third Estate from the meeting location during the next meeting. This, however, did not prevent the members of the third Estate from pursuing their cause, in fact, it fueled their hunger for change. Members of the third Estate met at the now famous Tennis Court and decided to form a new constitution and declare themselves a New National AssemblyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal 1863 Words   |  8 PagesRhetorical Analysis: A Modest Proposal In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Jonathan Swift provides a satirical exploration of the attitudes of the wealthy people towards the underprivileged and poor children in the society. Laymen and intellectuals during the late seventeenth century distributed political pamphlets containing different ideas throughout Ireland. In his essay, Swift utilizes some of the overlooked pamphlets during this period and develops an ironic proposal. 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I am talking about gender pronouns of course, specifically â€Å"girl, female, and ladyRead MoreAn Evaluation Of Iranian Artist And The Role2283 Words   |  10 Pagesand terms that have been discussed throughout the semester in a short literature review. Shirin Neshat will also be discussed and the role that she plays in created fragmented narratives that help women feel empowered in their lives in Iran. As a member of the artistic community something that has always bothered me is the usage of specific pronouns during artistic compliments. What do I mean by pronouns do you ask? I am talking about gender pronouns of course, specifically â€Å"girl, female, and lady

Soulutions a Book By Diana Lynn Essay - 744 Words

Not too long ago I read where some undiscovered drawings of Leonardo da Vinci where found on the back of one of his paintings. It seemed that old ‘Leo’ never stopped working. He would use whatever resources were at his disposal to get the job done. He was constantly laboring to finish the next big project. That is, hopefully, what this book is all about. Starting something and then seeing it through to the end. Being willing can only help provide the motivation to get you started. You must choose to do something about your problems by taking initiative. This is the best way on how to deal with the life-damaging difficulties you may find yourself, or a loved one, tangled in right now. But it is not enough to start something. In†¦show more content†¦As I previously stated, I started working with people in recovery over fifteen years ago. It was then I discovered that there are a lot more people that have problems in this area than we could ever imagine. Their faces are varied. The sucked-up junkie on skid row is not the only person needing help with this disorder. Today, people come from all walks of life; from a heroin addict in the gang-infested slums of South Central Los Angeles, to the polished preacher in Yukon, OK, that is secretly addicted to pain medication. I have also come to realize there are a lot of people out there who don’t have a lot of money to spend on expensive rehab centers. And, if the twenty-eight day programs are so successful then why are so many people going in and out of them so often, like revolving doors? It is common practice for someone to be in rehab for the second, third, fourth, and fifth time. There was even one person I worked with that had been in rehabs over eight times. You would think that overcoming addictions is a hopeless case. And if you believe in the disease concept of addiction then your life truly is hopeless. Because, according to them, there is not cure. But I am one person who doesn’t believe that addictions are hopeless. In fact, I want to go on record as saying; I dont believe people are hopeless and incurable just because they struggle with theseShow MoreRelatedEssay about Conquering Chaos: The Book Soulutions by Diana Lynn573 Words   |  3 Pagescreating a lifestyle that will lead you to a path of rebirth and renewal. This is necessary so you can live for the future and not your past. However, you cannot start a revolution on your own. You need others to help you, and that is where this book comes in. You are also living to leave a legacy for others to follow. True transformation takes place when you are willing to step outside of yourself and make a pathway of success for others to follow. The best way to make th is happen is to share

The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn Essay Example For Students

The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn Essay The American Websters dictionary defines innocence as, Freedom from harmfulness; inoffensiveness. Although this definition is the one which is most commonly used, many authors tend to twist or stretch the meaning in order to fit the material to which it applies. For example, the way J.D Salinger applies innocence to his work is quite different from the way Mark Twain uses innocence. Innocence also changes accordingly with the time period. The definition of innocence is dynamic with respect to author and time period, as illustrated in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout history the concept of innocence in literature has been a topic in which authors have held an obsession with. According to Harold Bloom, the loss of innocence has played a large role in western literature since the Enlightenment when man was said to be initially good and then corrupted only by his institutions. (Bloom 6) The institution in which Bloom speaks of is nothing more then society. Society is what is believed to be the cause for the loss of innocence in children. Bloom has stated that a return to the childhood mindset would eliminate the social problems in which people suffer. This is unerringly why the cause of many physiological problems can be traced back to a problem or unsettlement in ones childhood. (Bloom 7) The history of innocence continues further back in history as it is said that the first encounter of loss of innocence or original sin was from Adam and Eve when they ate the fruit of the forbidden tree. (Bloom 7) These historical events and ideas are w hat influence the works of authors from the 19th century to modern day. As a writer, the success of most authors comes from their power to convert common thoughts or knowledge into something which can enlighten the reader. An author thrives on being unique and imaginative. With this originality comes differentiation, when one compares two authors who have used the same literary device in their writings, this becomes apparent. J.D Salingers writings involve an enormous amount of childhood concepts and loss of innocence. Mark Twain is also known for his use of innocence in his novels, specifically The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Although the concept behind innocence is basically the same with both authors, each author applies his own interpretation of the definition of innocence. Salinger focuses towards Adultism in his writing. He states that adults are unable to love. (Bloom 7) Salingers definition is apparent when looking at the novel The Catcher in the Rye with an analytical eye, because everyone who is capable of loving is either a child or an adu lt who is influenced by a child. In turn, the adults who are incapable of loving are defined by Holden Caulfield, the protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye, as phonies or prostitutes. (Bloom 7) Holden mentions in the novel the following, Its Funny. You take adults, they look lousy when their asleep and they have their mouths way open, but kids dont. Kids look all right. (Salinger 159) This quote is a clear example of a stronger appreciation for the youth as opposed to the adults. After a comparison, Mark Twains definition of innocence is quite different. Twain defines innocence as the naive mindset of children. His definition consists of a belief that because children dont know, or understand something, they cant question its validity and form opinions against it. Huck Finns spelling of sivilization is a pure example of this. Hucks views and opinions towards civilization are shown through his spelling. He is naive to what civilization really is, therefore he can not form an opinion against it. (Bloom 12) Twains use of innocence is merely symbolism. He uses a misspelled word to emphasize the ignorance of children; but, however ignorant they may be, their reason for being so is their innocence. .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .postImageUrl , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:hover , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:visited , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:active { border:0!important; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:active , .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456 .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c7a280948f28b2002a182a936b3d456:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayA comparison of J.D Salingers works and those of Mark Twain, will reveal that although their definitions and use of innocence are different, they do link together in many ways. Two novels which are very comparable are J.D Salingers The Catcher in the Rye and Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The language and tone used by the main characters in each novel are very similar. An analytical view of both novels reveals a similarity to a David Copperfield type of narration. (Bloom 25) In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield makes a direct reference to this type of narration by saying that David Copperfield crap. Although the structure s of the novels are similar, they are still quite unique because of each novels use of innocence. Salinger references innocence over and over again when referring to children; this is evident in the title. Holden wishes to be The Catcher in the Rye, he wants to save children from losing the very essence of their childhood. (French 24) Salinger also references innocence every time he uses the word phony. The specific type of innocence used by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is also said to be much like the innocence portrayed in Peter Pan. This type of innocence is called Panism and accurately describes the style of innocence that Salinger uses. (French 167) Mark Twains use of innocence applies to a sense of adolescence. His use of the word sivilization is obviously symbolic towards the inexperience or naive nature of Huck Finn. In laymens terms, if one were to break down the innocence of Salinger and that of Twain, one would see that the difference in their use of it is simply in their approach to it. Salinger displays a direct approach to the innocence of children by down playing the adults in the novel with the term phony. On the other hand, Twain uses an indirect approach towards innocence by clearly showing the naive nature of children and how their naive nature is only because of their innocence. The very essence of ones childhood is thought to be innocence. The phenomenon of innocence dates back hundreds of years ago or even thousands. Literature critics have argued endlessly about a clear definition of innocence. The term can be used so widely that it can mean completely different things when taken out of context. The standard Websters dictionary has over five definitions for innocence. Its complexity and impact in the human life is so great that physiologists have stated that most adult conflicts involve a problem or disruption of ones childhood. Harold Bloom has said that many disputes and conflicts in modern day life would be non-existent if a person maintained innocence throughout their aging life. Historians trace back the use of innocence to the Enlightenment, where it was thought that man was created to be good, until his institutions corrupted him. Innocence can also be traced as far back as biblical times. It has been said that the original sin by Adam and Eve was the first instance of a loss of innocence. By comparing two novels that use innocence as a theme, as done above, it is evident that innocence is widely dependent on the context in which it is used. There is no clear definitive answer to what the true meaning of innocence is. It can only be stated that the definition of innocence is dynamic with respect to the author and the time period, in which the literature is written.

Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Learning on Sexual Selection and Speciation. Answer: Introduction Speciation is an evolutionary process via which the a specific group of populations evolve in order to become distinct species. The concept of speciation and the difference between the species was first elucidated via Orator F. Cook who coined the term cladogeneisis in the year 1906. Cladogenesis means splitting of lineages and is different from that of anagenesis which deals with phyletic evolution within the lineages (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). The concept of speciation furthered gained a new meaning with the publication of the book, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. It is Darwin who highlighted the concept of natural selection and sexual selection which further defined the concept of speciation (Abbott et al., 2013; Rabosky et al., 2013). Speciation is the central topic of evolutionary science (Butlin et al., 2012). This is because; studying speciation helps to track the path of the evolution of organisms. However, according to Butlin et al. (2012), the deb ate upon the concepts of species is often considered as unproductive as biological species concept is now predominantly accepted is the term for defining speciation. The following essay aims to highlight the main factors responsible for speciation. Analysis of these factors will help to get a detailed insight about the process of gradual progression of the concept of speciation. At end, the report also aims to highlight the future implication of the study in the domain of speciation. In order to conduct this research I employed a thematic analysis approach based on the search of the literary articles. The articles were searched in the electronic databases like Medline and PubMed. The main keywords which are used to search literary articles include speciation, speciation barriers, speciation AND evolution. On the basis of the keyword search I found few relevant articles which I will use in the body of the assignment to backup my arguments. These references will be helpful because it will help to draw a critical insight about the factors contributing towards speciation with insightful examples. Emergence of Reproductive Isolation and Speciation As per the biological species concept, understanding the concept of speciation demands proper insight about the process of breakdown of gene flow (Butlin et al., 2012). The process of gene flow can be critically analysed upon discussion of the reproductive isolation. The primitive scheme used for elaborating the origination of the reproductive isolation is whether the flow of gene is restricted before (prezygotic) or after (postzygotic) the formation of hybrid zygote. Butlin et al. (2012) have described prezygotic isolation as either crucial or previous evolving barrier towards flow of the gene in comparison to that of post zygotic isolation. Thus, it can be regarded as an important process behind the concept of speciation. The view stated by Butlin et al. (2012), stems from numerous examples of speciation showcasing significant evidences against prezygotic isolation (frequently behavioural mate differentiation among the animals or difference in pollinator in plants) in comparison to postzygotic isolation. According to Sobel et al. (2010) prezygotic isolation is crucial at any stage of speciation. This is because an organism is required to mate outside its own herd before it generates a hybrid yet sterile progeny. However, this ideas does not correctly responsible for extrinsic postzygotic isolation due to the process of differential adaptation that at times considered as the first step of speciation (Butlin Ritchie, 2009). In the domain of reproductive isolation, Riesch et al. (2012), is of the opinion that evolution of human has been stringently shaped by the interaction between gene and culture and there is an ever rising evidence that identical processes can also cast a huge impact on the population of non-human primates. According to the theoretical studies, the culture can be regarded as important evolutionary mechanisms due the ability of the cultural traits to spread rigorously in both vertical, horizontal and oblique direction (Schluter, 2009). This r esults in decrease in variance within the group and increase in variance between the groups. In their study Riesch et al. (2012) have accumulated extensive literature over the population divergence in killer whales (Orcinus orca). They have argued that they are in a process of ongoing ecological speciation arising out of dietary specialization. Although they failed to overlook the chances that cultural divergence pre-dates ecological divergence. They proposed that cultural difference coming as learned behaviours in between the ecologically divergent population of killer whales have resulted in the achievement of significant reproductive isolation leading to the generation of incipient speciation (Riesch et al., 2012). Thus from my understanding from the above discussion, I think that proper understanding of the contributing component of the reproductive isolation is crucial in order to understand the detailed process of speciation. According to Uyeda et al. (2009), chance events and genetic drift like mutation, colonisation, chromosomal rearrangement and polyploidy are regarded as strong contributors towards the process of speciation. However, the conditions under which the drift is the principal contributor of speciation is limited this is primarily because of the huge impact of gene flow. According to Tazzyman and Iwasa (2010), genetic drift might initiate the process of speciation via bestowing the preliminary divergence upon which the selection acts and this said point of overlap is responsible towards the evolution of reproductive isolation under the presence of significant flow of gene. Servedio and Noor (2003) further stated that genetic drift might also effect during the process of reinforcement via generating preliminary linkage disequilibrium in between the selected traits and mating traits. Moreover, it can be stated that speciation occurring via divergent selection is influenced via the founder even ts and this must often be the scenario of colonisation of new habitats (Butlin et al., 2012). According to Martin et al. (2013) the difference in the pattern of colours in between the population of poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio across Bocas del Tro archipelago arise out of sexual selection as two other non-sexually selecting species of Dendrobatic found in the identical habitat do not showcase this variation. Martin et al. (2013) theoretically tested this assertion via employing quantitative genetic sexual selection model. They incorporated random drift and aposematic coloration. Martin et al. (2013) elucidated that sexual selection might have caused the observed variation through novel process interlinked with genetic drift. Under this novel process, sexual selection forces the colour of the frog to strictly follow the evolution of female genotype. Any in between population divergece arising out of genetic drift is transferred on to colour. Thus genetic drift lead to the develop ment of sexual selection resulting in speciation if O. pumilio. The results elucidated by Runemark et al. (2010) upon their experiment on females of Skyros wall lizard,Podarcis gaigeae showed that interaction between genetic drift and selection pressure cause divergence even at phenotypic level and this further leads to speciation. As per my understanding from the above discussion I feel that rate of gene flow between the diverging population readily influence the role of genetic drift in the process of speciation. I feel proper evaluation of the impact of drift on the rate of gene flow during the process of divergence is the major challenge in the speciation research. Reinforcement and speciation Reinforcement remains a contentious factor contributing towards the process of speciation (Pfennig, 2003). It is defined as a process of evolution arising out of increased prezygotic isolation that results out of selection occurring against inter-specific mating (Bank, Hermisson Kirkpatrick, 2012). Yukilevich (2012) have further opined that reinforcement is one of the most widely discussed matters in the domain of evolutionary biology under the mechanisms of evolution. Although the process of speciation is assumed as the by product of evolutionary process, the mechanism of reinforcement specifically posits that the theory of natural selection directly favours the process of speciation. However, the main problem in quantifying the nature of reinforcement in the process of divergence is that the important pattern highlighted by the concept of reinforcement (that is increase isolations in the habitats of sympatry in comparison to habitats of allopatry). This crucial pattern might colla pse over time as a result of active flow of gene or can also result as an outcome of the other ecological processes like ecological character displacement (Pfennig, 2003). According to Bank, Hermisson and Kirkpatrick (2012) whether total closure of the genetic introgression via reinforcement takes place can vary on the size of effect which the mutations have over the sensory system used in the choice of mate. On the basis of this method, Yukilevich (2012), proposed that assymetrical pattern of speciation that is common in drosophila is uniquely supported by the process of reinforcement. Their study concluded that there is 60 to 83% of impact on reinforcement on the sympatric Drosophila and this impact enhance pre-mating by 18 to 26% thereby causing speciation. Another study conducted by Matute, (2010) further provided a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement and its subsequent effects on the evolutionary process of speciation. According to Matute, (2010), reinforcement might overcome the flow of gene during the speciation in Drosophila and thereby providing valuable evidence towards the contribution of reinforcement on speciation. Thus from the above review of literature, I think the process of reinforcement can be regarded as the major contributing factors behind the process of speciation. I think the study of reinforcement of Drosophila have helped the researcher to get a detailed insight about the process of reinforcement. However, the direct impact of reinforcement on the process of speciation is difficult to study because of its divergence pattern on sexual selection. Hybridisation in speciation According to Wood et al. (2009), hybridization is a crucial process in the history of plant speciation. Evidence behind the fast speciation in plants especially by allopolyploidy is strong on the other hand, speciation centring polyploidy is comparatively less in animals (Wood et al., 2009). Barriers that putatively decrease the process of speciation through this mechanism of hybridization have been discussed by Clarkson et al. (2010). According to Clarkson et al. (2010), the principal problem in hybridization is to overule is the lack of reproductive isolation from the parental population. Gompert et al. (2006) provided solution to this problem via including the concept of significant ecological separation from parental species (for example transgressive variation or novel niche occupation). In contrast to the homoploid hybridisation under which new linkage is close to equal mixture ration of the parent population, hybridisation can highlight be an important source of genetic divers ity. This genetic diversity arising out of hybridisation allows one or more than one few selectively favoured genetic traits to introgress from a associated species and simultaneously contribute towards the success of the novel linkage in the absence of general amalgamation of the parental genomes (Clarkson et al., 2010). As per my understanding about the concept of hybridization in the domain speciation, there are an urgent requirement for elucidation of advanced analytical techniques that will help to distinguish between the past and the current process of hybridization from other genetic effects that have resulted in the generation of shared variation in the cross taxa. Future prospects of research in the process of speciation Research on the process of speciation demands which genes and network of genes contribute towards the process of speciation. However, other researchers have used different criteria of defining or establishing this association. It has currently been critiqued that only the changes occurring at the genetic level which contributes towards an increase in the reproductive isolation must be accepted as the process of speciation genes (Nosil Schluter, 2011). However, I think distinguishing such speciation contributing genes can be difficult. I also feel that the concept in extremely relevant for the genes that contribute towards early and ongoing process of speciation. Nevertheless, employing more constrained definition will enable to give proper guidance towards future work process. According to Presgraves (2010), the genes of speciation or the speciation genes can be linked with any various types of reproductive isolation barrier but majority of the information is available in the domain of hybrid dysfunction. Lack of compatibility between the mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes which are associated with the process of reproductive isolation is well-established in plants but are recently been established in relation to the human genome (Ellison, Niehuis Gadau, (2008); Gibson et al. (2010). Recent works undertaken by Johnson (2010) has indicated that genetic changes which are responsible for the process of hybrid incompatibility can be constant for the non-adaptive reasons (that is: co-evolution of meiotic drivers along with their suppressors and duplicate gene silencing). As per my understandings, this highlights the requirement for the future work-process to remain connected with the speciation genes alongside with the process of that has lead to the generation of species divergence. I also feel that more and more genes are required to be elucidated in the wider range of taxa for extra components of isolation along with the proper view of the interactions of ge ne-environment and proper evidence stating their distinct roles in the process of evolution of the reproductive isolations. I think only then it will be possible to make generalised view about the types of gene that are responsible to incompatibility leading to sexual isolation or divergence and thereby causing speciation. Apart from studying the factors that are responsible for the process of speciation, I feel it is also important to note that the cause behind the variation of the rate of speciation and duration. According to (Yoder et al. 2020), duration and rate of speciation might be influenced by the same factor. For example, the success rate of adaptive divergence must co-vary with the ecological opportunity. Moreover according to Funk, Nosil and Etges (2006), the process of natural selection can increase the process of divergence and this has been linked with the extent of reproductive isolation. Thus barren environments might cause both frequent and rapid isolation. However, this might generate to more frequent initiation of speciation but the same remains incomplete because either the flow of gene persists or because the population which is divergent do not persist or due to certain environmental change. So I feel resolving this problem will demand both advanced yet comparative method for bet ter understanding of the mechanisms of speciation and extinction. Significance of Biogeography and Speciation Understanding the process of speciation is extremely crucial towards the process of building a comprehensive macro-evolutionary synthesis. A number of theoretical constructs have been opined in order to explain numerous differential patterns viewed in speciation like fossil records or higher rates of speculations among the generalist taxa versus the specialist taxa. However, the majority of these explanations mostly rely on one or two explanatory variables and these may lead to the generation of overly simplistic narration of the complex process of speciation (Stigall, 2015). Development of a comprehensive understanding about the process of speciation demands broadness in synthesis of explanatory factors. The major explanatory factors that can employed in order to fully understand the concept of speciation include the role of reproductive isolation in the mechanism of speciation, significance of genetic drift in the process of speciation, importance of natural selection and sexual se lection in the process of speciation and the environmental and genetic factors contributing towards speciation (Stigall, 2015; Verzijden et al., 2012). Proper understanding of the speciation based on above mentioned factors will in turn help to get a detailed insight about the process of biogeography (Wiens, 2011). Biogeography can be defined as the process of distribution of ecosystem and species within the within the geographic space throughout the geological time (Wiens, 2011). Thus the understanding about the biogeography will further help to get a detailed insight about the niche matters of biogeography, biogeographic pattern of species migration, habitat change and subsequent niche conversation (Shafer Wolf, 2013). Thus I think, getting a detailed aspect of numerous factors of biogeography via an active study of speciation and this in turn will help to study the process of evolution. Conclusion Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are numerous factors that contributes towards the process of speciation like reproductive isolation (resulting in sexual selection and subsequently natural selection), genetic drift, reinforcement and hybridization. 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